What is Cloud Application Security?
Cloud Application Security refers to the practices and technologies used to protect applications that are hosted in cloud environments from threats like unauthorized access, data breaches, and misconfigurations leading to data leaks and data theft. Monitoring the system for suspicious activities, preventing denial of service on the system, and having the ability to analyze incidents effectively. And many more important ongoing tasks related to the robustness of the system. This includes setting up firewalls, WAFs, API Security, enforcing strong authentication measures, employing data encryption, applying software updates regularly and doing penetration testing for all the applications. In our perspective, the primary goal is to secure sensitive data, comply with data protection laws, and honor customers' consent about data processing.
Data-centric cloud security
The world of data protection has changed significantly in recent years. Personal and sensitive data used to be treated like any other data, and used to be stored along with the rest of the information in many tables under many databases. However, several factors have shifted the landscape and raised the stakes for data protection in the cloud computing era:
- More data is being collected than ever before, and it's easier than ever to make many copies of that data with a single click.
- Threats and attacks are becoming more sophisticated and harder to protect against.
- The rising complexity of modern cloud environments makes it harder to ensure consistent data protection measures.
- New and stricter data and privacy regulations, such as GDPR, CCPA, and CRPA, have been enacted to protect individuals' rights and freedoms.
- Customers are becoming more aware of the importance of protecting their data and are demanding fair processing and usage.
To design cloud systems that are compliant with data protection regulations, emphasizing their data security aspect in this article, organizations must ensure they meet data protection requirements. These include data security to avoid unauthorized access, lawful processing, data minimization, individual rights, data breach notification, and cross-border data transfers.
In this article, we'll explore these requirements in more detail, discuss the challenges of implementing data protection in modern cloud architectures, and provide practical guidance for designing and building secure and compliant cloud applications.
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Data Protection Principles and Requirements
Organizations must ensure they meet the principal data protection requirements to design a secure cloud environment that is compliant with data protection regulations. These requirements include (partially resembles to GDPR):
1. Data Security
Organizations must implement appropriate technical and organizational measures to protect personal data against accidental or unlawful destruction, loss, alteration, unauthorized disclosure, or access. This includes measures such as encryption, access controls, monitoring, and regular security testing.
2. Lawful Processing
Personal data must be processed lawfully, fairly, and transparently, with a lawful basis for processing such as consent, legitimate interest, or contractual necessity. Organizations must inform individuals about the purposes of processing their personal data and obtain their explicit consent when required.
3. Data Minimization
Organizations must only collect and process personal data that is necessary for the specific purposes for which it was collected. This means collecting only the data that is relevant and necessary for the organization's operations and avoiding unnecessary data collection
4. Accuracy
Personal data must be accurate, up-to-date, and kept for no longer than is necessary for the specific purposes for which it was collected. Organizations must take reasonable steps to ensure that personal data is accurate and up-to-date, and delete data that is no longer needed.
5. Individual Rights
Individuals have certain rights with respect to their personal data, including the right to access, rectify, erase, or restrict the processing of their data. Organizations must provide individuals with the means to exercise these rights and respond to their requests within a reasonable timeframe (e.g. through cookie banners, or profile settings).
6. Data Breach Notification
Organizations must notify individuals and relevant authorities in the event of a data breach that is likely to result in a risk to their data and their rights. Organizations must also have procedures in place to respond to data breaches and minimize their impact.
7. Cross-Border Data Transfers
Organizations must comply with applicable laws and regulations when transferring personal data across borders. This includes obtaining appropriate consent, implementing safeguards such as standard contractual clauses, and ensuring the same level of data protection as required in the country of origin.
Cloud App Security Challenges: Implementing Access Controls
Modern cloud architectures are much more complex than in the past. This rising complexity makes it harder to ensure consistent data protection measures. In distributed, microservices, and event-driven architectures, services are designed to be independent and loosely coupled, and data is often propagated and copied across services to keep them independent. This results in more copies of data being created, which makes it very hard to implement and enforce data protection measures consistently across all copies of the data. It also increases the risk of unauthorized access or data breaches if appropriate.
Holding many copies of the same data results in multiplied risk and thus storing it has to be designed differently. In the next section, we'll provide practical guidance for designing modern cloud applications with data protection in mind. To address the challenges of implementing data protection in modern cloud architectures, organizations should consider the following best practices:
- Identify the crown jewels. Personal Identifiable Information (PII) is among the most important to protect. Because a stolen customer data record with identifiers can easily be used to single out that individual and compromise her privacy. However, a leaked de-identified record, without identifiers, won’t require a breach notification. Other types of sensitive data, such as Protected Health Information (PHI), credit card numbers (PCI), bank account numbers, SSNs, KYC documents, or secrets, require special care as well.
- Segregate, tokenize, and centralize the crown jewels. PII and other sensitive data should not be kept like any other information in normal data stores, and should not be communicated in clear across internal systems by default, unless the channels are secure too. Instead, it should either be redacted, or be stored and communicated in tokenized or encrypted form. The real values and encryption keys should be protected by a solution that allows centralized governance over the data - a data privacy vault.
- Use deterministic security measures, as much as possible, like data masking to reduce sensitive data footprint is one of the most effective techniques, so even if the web application is fully compromised it will be impossible to leak all the information.
- Implement a data privacy vault that can securely store sensitive data in a centralized fashion, enforce consistent access controls, log all accesses, enforce data minimization, and support individual rights.
- Standard encryption and tokenization algorithms should be used for the implementation. Don’t roll your own crypto. Also using open source libraries for the cryptography algorithms is very error prone, so make sure you audit the code carefully.
By implementing these best practices, organizations can ensure that their cloud applications are secure. In the next section, we'll discuss the key requirements for a data privacy vault solution.
Cloud Application Security Best Practices
Securing your cloud applications is essential in today's digital landscape, and the safety of sensitive data is paramount. By implementing comprehensive and robust security measures, you can fortify your cloud-based applications and shield them from potential threats. Here, we delve into seven essential best practices for cloud application security, designed to provide a comprehensive defense for your data:
Use Application Level Encryption for Sensitive Data
Begin your security journey by encrypting sensitive data at the application level. Whether it's personal identifiers, financial records, or confidential information, field-level encryption ensures that even in the event of unauthorized access, your data remains impenetrable and secure. The higher the layer in the tech stack you encrypt data, the more immune the rest of the stack underneath becomes to data theft. You can still use data encryption at rest, but it’s not that effective.
Ensure the Code Accessing Database is Immune to SQL Injections
SQL injection attacks are a common menace to database security. To mitigate this risk, meticulously fortify your application's code against SQL injections. This is easily done by making sure you sanitize the input coming from outsiders before you use it for building the SQL query. It should not contain any apostrophe characters. Remember that the input isn’t trusted because it comes from browsers, mobile apps or any one who can send any malicious payload on your behalf to your application server. Adopt best coding practices, employ parameterized queries, and conduct regular code reviews to uncover and rectify vulnerabilities.
Enforce Access Checks for Data Everywhere
Consistency is the cornerstone of effective data protection. Ensure that access checks for data are enforced uniformly across your application. Implement robust authentication and authorization mechanisms that restrict access solely to authorized users. Basically, you would want to check that the access token is valid by the signer and that it hasn’t expired yet. As well as ensuring the token’s owner is the same one accessing a resource in the server.
Use Data Masking for Very Sensitive Data Fields
For the highest level of protection, employ data masking for exceptionally sensitive data fields, such as national IDs, credit card numbers, and user IDs. Data masking disguises or transforms this information, adding an extra layer of security without undermining the functionality of your application. Prefer reading masked data directly from the database (using a specialized view in the database), as opposed to doing the masking in the backend after reading the complete data from the database. And align the security permissions of that user (or the view itself) with the capability for only reading masked data. This will ensure that nobody will be able to fully access very sensitive columns no matter what, even if the server is fully compromised.
Reduce Privileges of Database Users
One often overlooked practice is the reduction of privileges for database users. Limit the permissions granted to database users to the minimum required for their tasks. This approach significantly diminishes the potential impact of compromised user credentials, enhancing the overall resilience of your system. Most important is to reduce privileges for the application server that is public to the internet, for example it shouldn’t be able to delete (drop) tables, or access other tables in the database. On the other hand, let internal apps that aren’t internet-facing have the required privileges to work with the data.
Record Data Accesses in a Privacy-Friendly Way
Maintaining an audit trail of data access is crucial for monitoring and investigating security incidents. You will never be sorry to record logs for the day you will really need it, otherwise it’s too late. The primary goal is to be able to conduct a complete post-mortem after an incident and to be able to understand exactly what happened. However, it is equally important to do this in a manner that respects privacy regulations. Record just enough information to understand what transpired, all while safeguarding sensitive data. Implement robust logging and auditing mechanisms that adhere to privacy guidelines. In most cases, you wouldn’t want or need to record PII or other sensitive data fields, but if you do, make sure to mask them or tokenize/hash them, never in plaintext, please.
Monitor All Accesses for Spikes
Anomalies in data access patterns can signal unauthorized or malicious activity. Implement real-time monitoring to detect unusual or suspicious access patterns promptly. When access irregularities are detected, take immediate action to investigate and counter potential threats.
By rigorously following these cloud application security best practices, you can significantly enhance the protection of your data, reduce vulnerabilities, and ensure that your cloud applications remain resilient against an ever-evolving landscape of potential threats. Remember that security is an ongoing endeavor; regularly review and update your security measures to stay one step ahead of emerging risks.
Requirements for a Data Privacy Vault Solution
A data privacy vault is a centralized solution for securely storing, encrypting and managing sensitive data. When selecting a data privacy vault solution, organizations should ensure that it meets the following requirements:
- Usability and integration: The solution should be easy to use and integrate with other systems and services, without requiring significant changes to the existing application architecture.
- Resilience and scalability: The solution should be highly resilient, robust, and scalable, to ensure that it can handle large volumes of sensitive data and traffic.
- Security: The solution should be highly secure, with data encryption utilized within and encryption keys rotated periodically. Access should be tightly controlled and monitored, with granular access control policies and masking or tokenization of sensitive data when possible.
- Audit logging: The solution should store an audit log of all accesses to sensitive data, to enable monitoring and reporting of data access and usage. Remember to not log the data itself.
- Privacy controls: The solution should enforce privacy controls, such as access for an approved reason (traceability), consent management, and data minimization.
- Compliance: The solution should support compliance functionality like DSAR and RTBF, data retention, data localization and others to support regulations such as GDPR, CCPA, and CRPA.
By selecting a data privacy vault solution that meets these requirements, organizations can ensure that their sensitive data is well-protected and compliant with data protection regulations. Great companies such as Netflix, Apple, Slack, and JP Morgan Chase and Grubhub have successfully done it on their own with a massive undertaking.
Key Takeaways
In summary, designing and building secure and compliant cloud applications requires careful consideration of data protection requirements, challenges, and best practices. Here are the key takeaways from this article:
- The world of data protection has changed significantly in recent years, with more data being collected, modern cloud architectures becoming more complex, threats and attacks becoming more sophisticated, and new and stricter data and privacy regulations being enacted.
- To ensure compliance with data protection regulations, organizations must meet data protection requirements, including data security, lawful processing, data minimization, individual rights, data breach notification, and cross-border data transfers.
- Implementing data protection measures in modern cloud architectures is challenging, but can be achieved by identifying the crown jewels, segregating and centralizing PII and sensitive data, decrypting only when necessary, and implementing a data privacy vault solution.
- When selecting a data privacy vault solution, organizations should ensure that it meets key requirements, such as usability and integration, resilience and scalability, security, audit logging, privacy controls, and compliance.
- Great companies have successfully implemented data protection measures in their entire cloud environment, providing valuable examples and best practices for others to follow.
By following these key takeaways and best practices, organizations can ensure that their cloud applications are secure and compliant with data protection regulations, providing their customers with the confidence that their personal data is well-protected and that cloud application security threats are kept at bay.
[Featured image credit goes to: bluecoat.com]
Ariel, despite holding a PhD in Computer Science, doesn't strictly conform to the traditional academic archetype. His heart lies in the realm of hacking, a passion he has nurtured since his early years. As a proficient problem solver, Ariel brings unmatched practicality and resourcefulness to every mission he undertakes.
It all begins with the cloud, where applications are accessible to everyone. Therefore, a user or an attacker makes no difference per se. Technically, encrypting all data at rest and in transit might seem like a comprehensive approach, but these methods are not enough anymore. For cloud hosted applications, data-at-rest encryption does not provide the coverage one might expect.
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